Chapter 4- Key Terms
What do micro-level theories focus on?
What do normative theories assume?
What are the problems with micro level and normative theories?
Choice theories
Free will
Rational actor
Rational choice theories
Problems with choice theories
Biological theories
What is the main idea?
What areas did this theorist focus on as the causes of crime?
Differential Association Theory
Why is this a social process theory?
What are the 7 principals of this theory?
What did Ronald Akers introduce to the theory?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
Findings based on
Socio-economic status/class
Gender
Race
Social Control/Social Bonding Theories
What is the general question asked?
What are internal and external controls?
Nyeàposition on social control
Internalized control
Parents and indirect control
Direct control
Reasons to not engage in delinquent behavior
Hirschiàsocial bonding theory
Attachment
Commitment
Involvement
Belief
Life course and developmental theories
How is this theory related to social bonding theories?
What are the three theoretical components of this theory?
What is the relationship between age-specific arrests and robbery and burglary?
Moffitt (1993) theory of offender groups
Life-course persistent
Adolescence limited
Social Control Theory
Research on gender
Techniques of neutralization theory
Why do individuals engage in behaviors they know are wrong?
Denial of responsibility
Denial of injury
Denial of the victim
Condemnation of the condemners
Appeal to higher loyalties
General Strain theory
What types of strain are more likely to cause crime than others?
Magnitude
Unjust
Low self-control
Strain creates pressure for criminal coping.
What factors are more likely to cause criminal behavior?
Behavioral coping
Cognitive coping
Emotional coping
Race/gender and general strain theory
VIDEO: Cesare Beccaria: The Man, Legend
Classical Criminology
Cesare Beccaria
Free Will
Cost Benefits
How should punishment work and how does that relate to a cost benefit analysis?
Protest writer
Where did his ideas spread to?
What was the demonic perspective?
How did this relate to criminal justice policies?
Draconian Policies
Which perspective did the ruling groups in Europe adhere to?
BeccariaàBook
What are the important issues he wrote about and why?
Crimes and particular punishments predetermined
Judge discretion
Excessive severity and its role on crime
How did he think we should determine the seriousness of a crime?
Punishment and certainty
What does research show about certainty vs. severity
What is the purpose of punishment?
Publishing laws, why?
VIDEO: Deconstructing Edwin Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory
Differential Association theory
Learning theory
Is this a micro or macro level theory?
What are the 9 propositions? Know all of these in detail
To Save Kids
Listen to the audio file and/or read the web page. What theory from chapter 4 best describes
what is going on?
Cesare Lombroso VIDEO
What kind of theory was Lobroso’s?
What kinds of questions did he raise?
READ The teen brain
What kind of theory of criminal behavior is this article describing?
What does the article say about the teen brain and its development relative to criminal behavior?
What are the implications of this information about the teen brain for the ways we should
consider addressing the criminal behavior?
READ Teen Brain Part 2
How is the teen brain different from the adult brain?

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