I’m working on a construction question and need a sample draft to help me learn.

1-There are four distinct trenchless technologies that are frequently utilized to build or upgrade subsurface infrastructure and they are shown, along with examples of their applications. Pipe Bursting: With this technique, an old pipeline is ruptured and broken in order to install a new one. This is accomplished by placing a bursting head into the old pipeline and using hydraulics to move the head through the pipeline. Sewer mains, water mains, and gas lines that are worn out or damaged are frequently replaced via pipe bursting. Slip Lining: This method entails putting a fresh pipeline within an old one. The old pipe is replaced with a new one, and the gap between them is filled with grout or another appropriate substance. When an existing pipeline is in good shape but has to be relined or has a lower capacity because of corrosion or wear, slip lining is employed. Horizontal directional drilling: a pilot hole is first drilled down, then the hole is reamed to the required diameter. Pipelines, cables, and conduits are frequently installed beneath rivers, roads, and other obstructions using this method. The Cured in Place Pipe: a technique includes heating or using ultraviolet radiation to cure a flexible liner that has been inserted into an old or damaged pipeline. The pipeline’s lifespan can be increased by many decades thanks to the cured liner, which transforms into a new pipe inside the existing one. It is frequently used to restore pipes, including stormwater drains, sewage lines, and others. 

2-A few examples of Trenchless Technology along with an example of application are as follows:

1) Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) – is used in the placement of underground infrastructure. It includes water pipelines, telecommunication cables, electrical cables, gas pipelines and oil pipelines. The procedure includes three steps and consist of Step 1: Pilot Drilling where a drill head that is hollow inside is pushed through ground via rig, Step 2: Expanding the drilling hole – the drill is replaced with a reamer that is pulled back to widen the drilling hole, Step 3: Pulling the Production Pipe – the production pipe gets pulled, once the reamer has done its job, it gets connected and replaced by the production pipe and a final reamer.

2) Pipe Ramming – is preferred for installations under railroads, embankments, roads, and landscapes. The procedure is driving a casing or pipe through the ground using percussive hammer. It causes little to no ground slump making it ideal for places where ground loss is expected.

3) Horizontal Auger Boring (jack and bore) – is used for operations consisting of oil, gas, water and sewer pipes. It is best suited for softer ground conditions and is one of the oldest forms of trenchless technology. It involve a casing installations with excavation of soil, with limited risk of seepage or soil collapse. Typically run in lengths of 400 feet. 

4) Pipe jacking – used for installing pipes, conduits, and utility corridors by applying force which pushes a pipe through the ground while controlled excavation takes place at the face. The procedure starts with excavating small entry and exit pits at the beginning and end of the pipe installation. Next the hydraulic jacking rig and micro tunneling machine apply a force that pushes the tunneling machine through the wall of the entrance pit and into the ground. Then the jacking rig applies a force that forces both pipe and machine forward on their way to the exit pit.