I’m working on a social science multi-part question and need the explanation and answer to help me learn.

please respond  o alina wih 150  words 

The Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza, who lived from 1632 to 1677, is regarded as one of the most significant and influential thinkers of the early modern era. His most famous work, “Ethics,” which develops a thorough metaphysical and ethical system based on the notion that there is only one substance in the universe, which he refers to as God or Nature, is considered to be his magnum opus.According to Spinoza, there is only one substance in the universe, which he refers to as God or Nature. This is the foundation of his philosophy. Spinoza believed that everything in the universe is a form or manifestation of this one substance. If there were more than one substance, they would all have to be either the same or completely different. If they were comparable, it would be impossible to tell them apart, making them appear to be a single substance. They would have to differ in some way if they did, but that difference would have to be explained by another substance or cause, starting an endless chain of substances. Spinoza comes to the conclusion that there is only one thing that can be given or conceived, and he names this thing as God or Nature. All other things that we recognize as distinct things are merely manifestations or modes of this one substance. Spinoza’s philosophy is distinguished by his rejection of conventional dualism, which maintains that the mind and body are two distinct entities, and his claim that everything in the universe is a mode or expression of the one substance, God or Nature. He also stresses the value of reason and logical thinking as the means to knowledge and moral conduct. The problem of evil is among the most typical critiques of Spinoza’s philosophy. It is challenging to explain the existence of evil or suffering if there is only one substance in the universe, and that substance is God or Nature. Spinoza contends that everything that occurs is a necessary component of God or Nature’s expression, but this has drawn criticism for not providing a sufficient solution to the issue of evil. Some have disputed Spinoza’s monistic pantheism, claiming that it is unable to explain the nature of consciousness. It is difficult to understand how consciousness arises or how it can be unique from other aspects of the universe if everything is just a manifestation of a single substance